The circular economy emphasizes reducing, recycling, and reusing waste, a principle that is challenging to apply to hazardous materials like asbestos-containing construction waste, typically destined for landfills due to limited recycling options. This experimental study investigates the physicochemical characterization of asbestos fibers in fiber cement boards and assesses the efficacy of mechanical grinding and thermal treatments to transform these fibers into non-fibrous, stable phases for reuse in sustainable construction applications, such as cement and mineral wool production. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), we analyzed samples from end-of-life fiber cement panels, subjecting them to thermal treatments at 700 °C, 1000 °C, and 1200 °C. Results show that, while grinding reduces particle size, it does not eliminate fibrous structures; however, thermal treatment above 1000 °C fully converts chrysotile into forsterite and enstatite, eliminating health risks and enabling material reuse. These findings, that are part of the FiberRec project, support a systematic approach to integrating asbestos-containing waste into a closed-loop material cycle, significantly reducing carbon emissions and landfill dependency.

The use of asbestos, once celebrated for its versatility and fire-resistant properties, has left a lasting legacy of environmental degradation and public health risks. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts and health risks associated with asbestos, highlighting its widespread use, environmental persistence, and adverse effects on human health. Through a literature review, this study examines the historical context of asbestos use, its adverse environmental effects and the mechanisms by which exposure to asbestos poses significant health risks, including the development of asbestos-related diseases such as mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, etc. It also assesses the current regulatory framework and provides a methodological analysis of the strategy for recycling end-of-life materials containing asbestos fibers, proposing the inclusion of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in the rock wool industry to reduce Greenhouse Gasses (GHG) emissions. Drawing on interdisciplinary insights from environmental science, public health, and regulatory analysis, this paper concludes with recommendations for improving asbestos management strategies, promoting safer alternatives and mitigating the long-term environmental and human health impacts of asbestos.